XeLab Project ,
a cryogenic setup
for liquid xenon TPCs .

The Project

XeLab is a cryogenic setup able to host liquid xenon TPCs. It has been created to develop and test new solutions for producing the proportional scintillation signal, with the ultimate goal of improving the performances of next generation dark matter detectors.

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Xenon is all around us, it's a rare gas present in the air that we breath (less than one atom over ten millions). Extracted from the air, and liquefied at low temperatures (about 110 degrees below zero Celsius), it's a great material for particle physics. Xenon has been largely used to build, over two decades, the best detectors to hunt the most mysterious particle in our Universe that physicists look since a century: the Dark Matter. How can liquid xenon be used to detect a particle? Simply, think about a cylinder, full of liquid xenon. A particle, scattering on a xenon atom, deposits a certain amount of energy. Measuring this deposited energy allows physicists to better investigate the nature of that particle. One of the ways to measure this energy is by counting the number of electrons that have been torn from the xenon atoms surrounding the scattering point. This is done by a Time Projection Chamber (TPC): an electric field drifts all electrons towards the top, to be detected. A dual-phase TPC lets the electrons to approach the liquid-gas surface and to be extracted into the gas phase with a much higher field (several kilo-volts per centimeter). The electrons accelerate, scatter through xenon atoms and produce photo-luminescence at a high rate. The light is detected by photo-detectors. The light produced is therefore proportional to the number of electrons, that was in turn proportional to the energy deposited by the scattered particle. In order to generate such a high fields, the TPC must have two electrodes: the gate, close to the liquid-gas surface, as transparent as possible to let the electrons to pass through; and an anode, with a much higher potential with respect to the gate. With the new generation of dark matter detectors becoming bigger and bigger, those electrons are having in turn larger and larger diameters. And here it comes the issue. Gravity and electrostatic induction are both responsible of electrodes sagging, jeopardizing the performances of the TPC. The first goal of XeLab is the development of a novel twin gate-electrode that gets rid of this issue, thanks to a new concept: a gate floating on liquid xenon and connected to the anode by few vertical, insulating, pillars.

features

Cooling systems. XeLab can liquefy and keep xenon in liquid state through two cooling systems based on liquid nitrogen: a copper belt surrounding the inner cryostat, in contact with a pipe where liquid nitrogen is flowing inside; and a three-way heat exchanger, that allows to extract xenon for being purified, with zero thermal losses.

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Slow Control. Slow Control systems are used for monitoring hardware components, such as high voltages, temperature sensors, pressure gauges, xenon gas flow controllers, the availability of liquid nitrogen, etc. We developed a Slow Control based on a Revolution Pi, plus homemade components. We collect the monitoring information on a InfluxDB database and data are displayed via Grafana dashboards. Through grafana, we setup also an alarm system that warns us in case of anomalies.

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Leveling System. For a dual-phase Time Projection Chamber, it is crucial to control precisely the exact position of the liquid-gas surface with respect to the electrodes generating the electric fields in the detector. On top of the handling of the xenon recirculating flow, that affects the height of the liquid level, the system is equipped also of a motion feed-through allowing to displace vertically the entire detector. In addition, to guarantee the right planarity, the outer cryostat sits on its supporting frame through three levelling legs of adjustable height.

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Xenon Storage and Recovery. Xenon is quite expensive, it cannot be vented after being used. It must be transferred back and forth in a dedicated storage system, equipped with its own cooling system and sensors. This storage acts as well as an emergency recovery system. We have a longstanding partnership with the Italian company Costruzioni Generali (Parabiago, Italy), who built already for us storage systems of different capacity (up to 10 tons), funded by IN2P3 and by the region Ile-de-France through DIM-ACAV+. Here, we use a small storage system of 10 kg capacity.

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the collaboration

LPNHE
SUBATECH


Timeline



  • 2021

    Begin of the Project

    Approved by the DAS and DAT IN2P3
  • 2024

    Cryogenic system completed

    Cooling system, Slow Control, HV, DAQ
  • 2025

    TPC completed

    TPC, Leveling System, Begin of Calibrations
    Begin of R&D on electrodes

pictures

contact

Site

LPNHE, Jussieu, Paris

4, place Jussieu

75005 Paris

Email

scotto@lpnhe.in2p3.fr

Website

xelab.in2p3.fr